Evaluating Utilitarianism - What are the main features...

What are the main features of Utilitarianism as an ethical theory? (10 marks) Examine and consider criticisms that have been made against Utilitarianism. (10 marks) Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that pivots around the belief that morality should be judged by consequence and the way in which an action can be deemed moral or immoral, depends upon the number to which it brings the greatest happiness. A decision can be defined as ethically correct under the theory of Utilitarianism if the moral choice provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people, proving that at the core of Utilitarianism are the ideals of pleasure and consequence. Although Utilitarianism provides a useful, simplistic way for making moral decisions,†¦show more content†¦The most recognised example of this is of the Sadistic Guards scenario, where a group of prison guards enjoy torturing a prisoner. Due to the egalitarian nature of Utilitarianism, certain forms of pleasure can be justified by the theory if they were carried out on the majority by the minority. Benthams version of Utilitarianism would morally accept this situation, as the result would st ill be the greatest good for the greatest number, where sadism would be defined as pleasurable, as the guards are gaining pleasure from torturing the single man. Contrary to Benthams original principle of Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill believed that pleasure should be qualitative and not quantitative and also that pleasures could be split into higher and lower order pleasures. Mill saw higher order pleasure as that gained when reading literature or going to the opera, whereas he viewed the lower orderly pleasures as bodily, for example, eating, drinking and sex. Mill therefore felt that if one had to chose, that the pleasures of the mind were to be preferred, It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. Although this version pressed out the creases of Benthams original account, it caused Utilitarianism to become elitist, where choosing to listen to classical music over drum and bass would be considered morallyShow MoreRelatedThe Stakeholder Theory11680 Words   |  47 PagesThe Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications Author( s): Thomas Donaldson and Lee E. Preston Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan., 1995), pp. 65-91 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/258887 Accessed: 20/04/2010 23:08 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR s TermsRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30:  1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50):Read MoreDefine the Manager Terrain28443 Words   |  114 PagesUniversity of Hong Kong. Sale of this material is prohibited. The Open University of Hong Kong 30 Good Shepherd Street Ho Man Tin, Kowloon Hong Kong Contents Overview Introduction The manager: Omnipotent or symbolic? The organization’s culture What is organizational culture? 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The global financial crisis and economic recession have challenged some assumptions about globalization and economic integration, but they have also underscored the interconnected nature of global economies. Most countries and regions around the world are inextricably linked, yet profound differences in institutional and cultural environments persistRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesrequest to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10:Read MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pages978-91-88902-46-7 Acknowledgements They say that the process of completing a PhD is a journey. For me it has been a long and trice interrupted journey, and I would be lying if I said that I wasn’t happy that it is finally coming towards its end. Still, I have always felt incredibly privileged to be able to travel this road and I’m deeply grateful towards all the people who have contributed to make it possible. First of all I’d like to express my gratitude to Thomas Lindhqvist, my excellent supervisor

Tapping the Ethnic Housing Market Essay - 799 Words

XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX Tapping the Ethnic Housing Market Opportunities The Biggest opportunities and challenges that lenders and real estate faced through the three ethnicities surveyed, African American, English Hispanic and Spanish Hispanic, is the feeling of ownership among these segments that is between the 79 and 82% (Table A) of the population surveyed (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010), the lack of knowledge when buying a home, and lack of confidence in the process. Those three facts open opportunities to lenders and real estates to position their products, to better serve each segments needs and desires, trough the appropriate education to the each segment, a superior understanding of it life-style, and†¦show more content†¦Tables B and C, shown their knowledge and confidence over the process is higher among African American, and Spanish Hispanic, this could be product of the path of acculturation this segment have had over the years. The main strategy for African American and English Hispanic will be understand their family values, life experiences and provide the proper tools and education through free seminars in regards of the Lender products and the Real Estate Market alternatives available to them. Spanish Hispanic Spanish Hispanic segment is the largest among the other 3 segments due to the diversity of nationalities as Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central Americans (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010), are part of this group, they hold the lowest interest rate on buying a home with only a 79% of population concerned on the ownership feeling (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010), likewise only 60% of the population knows that the require documentation is also available in their language, making this segment the least confidence, since only 18% (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010) of the population surveyed understand the process. The strategy here will have put the hardest work, educating and gaining the population trust which is brand loyal, and comprehendible on their-own language (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010).Show MoreRelatedTapping the Ethnic Housing Market1255 Words   |  6 PagesTapping the Ethnic Housing Market Opportunities and Challenges for Housing Lenders and Realtors The tables in the text make it clear that there is a large gap between the minority population and the general population in regard to knowledge and education about the housing market. Housing discrimination and unethical lending practices are at the root of this problem. Housing and communities remain segregated despite all of the progress America has made since the Civil Rights Movement. MinoritiesRead MoreGlobalization and Religion Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pageslines of religious borders are becoming blurred. 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The Financial Performance of SMEs in Australia-Free-Samples

Question: Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Australia. Answer: Literature review Introduction Reporting on sustainability is becoming a normal practice in business as it moves into the mainstream from the realm of early adopters and innovators. Failure of firms to actively engage in sustainability reporting can have adverse impacts on the companys image, financial performance, and even its ability to raise capital. In Australia, most large and/ or listed companies undertake sustainability reporting, mainly because of its benefits even though Australia does not have a legal requirement for firms to undertake sustainability reporting ( 'Parliament of Australia,' 2013). While it is commonplace for large and/ or multinational firms to make sustainability reports, especially in the past ten years, the practice is not as widespread among SMEs ('Global Reporting Initiative,' 2016). Yet SMEs play a crucial role in economic growth and development of any country, including Australia, accounting for about 90% of businesses (Zhou,Wu,Luo,2007). In 2005, just 10% of all sustainability repo rts were mad by SMEs, with large organizations and multinationals accounting for the remaining 90% yet sustainability is vital for both SMEs and large organizations ('Global Reporting Initiative,' 2016). This paper proposes to undertake research using secondary data, on the impact that sustainability reporting has on the financial performance of SMEs in Australia. This section undertakes a short literature review as well as discussing the method to be used for the research and the aim of the research. It will also list research questions that will narrow down the research aim; all in the context of the course of masters in Professional Accounting. Literature Review Sustainability reporting can have positive impacts on SMEs, such as improving risk management, help unlock new opportunities within global markets, and foster responsible business practices. Sustainability is among the biggest challenges for societies considered industrialized and it has become an important strategic goal for many organizations around the world. A range of stakeholders are interested in the transparency of an organizations activities; this implies organizations need to maintain a continuous dialogue with stakeholders (Medel, Garci?a, Enriquez Anido, 2011). CSR refers to a business approach that makes a contribution to sustainable development through the delivery of social, economic, and environmental benefits for all the stakeholders. Research shows that most Millenials have volunteered for charitable causes and this a trend that businesses must take cognizance of, especially to attract and retain this crucial market segment (Millenials) as given a choice between tw o firms, Millenials will most likely choose the firm with a greater CSR presence (Opedare, 2017). Economic Drivers for CSR CSR can result in improved financial performance in several ways when CSR is used in decision making; the drivers do not operate in an isolated manner with different drivers affecting companies differently and being different for companies in different sectors. CSR is increasingly becoming an important factor for organizations to attract and retain talent and diversity in the workplace. Firms that take cognizance of employee needs such as a good working environment achieve better employee output and performance. CSR can be a vehicle tat businesses use to foster innovation and learning; factors that are crucial for the long term growth and survival of organizations in the ever competitive business environment. Businesses can use CSR to respond to societal and environmental risks and convert them into business opportunities; for instance, cars that use electricity derived from renewable sources. Businesses and markets operate in an opinion market; the way customers, the society in gene ral, and suppliers judge businesses will have both direct and indirect impacts on the success and profitability of the company. CSR provides firms a means to influence and manage the perceptions and attitudes of their stakeholders; this way, firms can build trust with the stakeholders and this results in positive relationships delivering business performance advantages to the business. Using CSR, firms have a better shot at effectively managing their risks and this helps the organizations reduce or eliminate losses that are avoidable. With CSR, firms can also identify new emergent issues and use their leadership positions as a way of gaining competitive advantage; this also helps these businesses achieve better financial performance. Customers can be drawn to a business solely based on their CSR activities; by having a robust CSR policy and activities, a business can draw customers away from competitors with less CSR activities, thereby boosting its customer base. With a robust CSR profile, firms can significantly reduce present and future expenses and costs; this has the effect of increasing operational efficiency for these firms and hence, improving their financial performance. Investors and the wider investing community are increasingly looking at CSR in similar terms to good governance practices as well as long term risk management strategies. Analysts and investors place just as much importance to CSR and the reputation of an organization as they do on the firms financial performance. SMEs are usually organizations with high growth potential with Australia showing greater numbers of SMEs going public and issuing IPOs (Deloitte, 2016). apart from underlying risks to a companys stock, investors are increasingl y looking at the companys CSR as an important factor in determining whether to invest in it or provide other financial instruments such as loans (Werther Chandler, 2014). The risk of legal repercussions for firms that fail to fulfill CSR responsibilities such as environmental conservation is huge; such firms can loose their operating licenses, especially multinationals. Stakeholders such as governments must give authority to firms, such as those in the mining industry authority to do business; lack of, or a poor CSR framework can put this in jeopardy. This can have adverse impacts for an organization as they may cease operations and suffer huge losses. Past Research Research on the effects of CSR activities on the financial performance of industries in the hospitality sector have shown mixed (both positive and negative) relations and outcomes for organizations such as casinos, airlines, hotel, and restaurants. The effects contribute to different strategic decision making by these companies (Kang, Lee huh, 2010). There is a positive and strong correlation between CSR and firm value for firms that have a high awareness by customers as shown by advertising expenditures. So apart from engaging in CSR activities, customers must be aware of these activities, either through firm advertising and/ or sustainability reporting. Further, firms with a prior poor record as corporate citizens has the relation between firm value and CSR awareness reversed (Servaes Amayo, 2013). Entrepreneurial-ism is a major driver for business success; its the willingness and competitive instinct for people to seek innovation fro areas that are not traditional, such as in th e CSR agenda. Such opportunities include commercially viable activities that also serve the purpose of advancing social and environmental sustainability. So within CSR, there is CSO (Corporate Social Opportunity) where firms can innovate in services and products, building new models, and serving markets that are not yet served. SMEs are not usually entrepreneurial in the filed of CSO; however, it is an area that has huge potential and great promise for financial growth of SMEs and should be built into the SMEs systems (Jenkins, 2009). CSR activities and investments are more than just increased business costs/ expenses; they are absolutely essential for the continued survival of firms in a business world that is becoming ever more competitive. Research in the UK shows that firms that achieve all, or most of the GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) on sustainability reporting have a positive., albeit weak, relationship between CSR and EPS (earnings per share), implying that CSR activities benefit not only the business, but investors in the company (Sammy, Odemilin Bampton, 2010). in investigating the business case for CSR in SMEs, researchers have missed the point, perhaps by asking the wrong questions since the collective grandness of SMEs is usually underestimated in CSR policy making and research; SMEs engage in CSR in contexts that are different from large companies; hence there is a need, for example, to understand how SMEs undertake CSR activities and how they impact their financial performance (Morsing Perrini , 2009). compared to large firms, proactive CSR research in SMEs is considerably less; Proactive CSR refers to business practices and strategies that firms adopt voluntarily, beyond regulatory requirements to manage their responsibilities to the society and thereby contribute to society positively. In the Australia SME manufacturing sector, research shows that there is a positive and significant correlation between proactive CSR and capabilities (stakeholder management, shared vision, and strategic pro-activity) and financial performance. The findings are consistent with the RBV theory that adopting value creating activities that make the best use of the capabilities of a firm are essential to the firms financial success (Torugsa, O'Donohue Hecker, 2011). Research Aim The aim of this proposed research is to identify and undertake research on the effect that CSR reporting has on the financial performance of SMEs in Australia with a focus on profitability as a measure of financial performance. Research Questions What is the level of adoption of CSR reporting by Australian SMEs? What is the correlation between CSR reporting by Australian SMEs and their financial performance? Methodology This research will make use of secondary data on the financial reports of Australian SMEs; the target population is the SMEs in Australia and a sample size will be selected using simple randomization to give every possible member of the population an equal chance for being chosen. This will also ensure the reliability and validity of the research results. The data to be used will be obtained from the Small and medium Business Association of Australia (SME Australia, 2017) and from the Australian Taxation Office where the official results of the SMEs will be obtained. The research approach to be used is a descriptive analysis where secondary research methods and data will be predominantly used Analysis The data will be analyzed graphically to demonstration trends as well as through the use of statistics; the relation will be tested by establishing the correlation coefficient between SME reporting and financial performance through a regression analysis. The financial performance is the dependent variable while sustainability reporting is the dependent variable. References 'Global Reporting Initiative'. (2016, October 05). Making the case for SME Sustainability Reporting. Retrieved August 23, 2017, from https://www.globalreporting.org/information/news-and-press-center/Pages/Small-Business,- Big-Impact-Making-the-case-for-SME-Sustainability-Reporting.aspx Jenkins, H. (January 01, 2009). A business opportunity model of corporate social responsibility for small- and medium-sized enterprises. Business Ethics: a European Review, 18, 1, 21-36. Kang, K. H., Lee, S., Huh, C. (March 01, 2010). Impacts of positive and negative corporate social responsibility activities on company performance in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 1, 72-82. Medel, F., Garci?a, L., Enriquez, S., Anido, M. (January 01, 2011). Reporting Models for Corporate Sustainability in SMEs. Journal of Information Technologies in Environmental Engineering, 3, 407-418 Morsing, M., Perrini, F. (January 01, 2009). CSR in SMEs: do SMEs matter for the CSR agenda?. Business Ethics: a European Review, 18, 1, 1-6. Opedare, A. (2017, June 16). Why Corporate Social Responsibility Is Becoming More Important To Organizations | Articles | Chief Strategy Officer. Retrieved August 23, 2017, from https://channels.theinnovationenterprise.com/articles/why-corporate-social-responsibility-is- becoming-more-important-to-organizations 'Parliament of Australia'. (2013, April 15). Chapter Seven - Sustainability reporting: Current legislative and market requirements. Retrieved August 23, 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Corporations_and_Financial_Ser vices/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/corporate_responsibility/report/c07 Samy, M., Odemilin, G., Bampton, R. (April 13, 2010). Corporate social responsibility: a strategy for sustainable business success. An analysis of 20 selected British companies. Corporate Governance: the International Journal of Business in Society, 10, 2, 203-217. Servaes, H., Tamayo, A. (May 01, 2013). The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value: The Role of Customer Awareness. Management Science, 59, 5, 1045-1061. SME Australia. (2017). SME Association of Australia. Retrieved August 23, 2017, from https://www.smea.org.au/ Torugsa, A, O'Donohue, W, Hecker, R. (2011). Capabilities, Proactive CSR and Financial Performance in SMEs: Empirical Evidence from an Australian ManufacturingIndustry Sector. Werther, W. B., Chandler, D. (2014). Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders in a global environment. Los Angeles [u.a.]: SAGE: s.n.. Zhou, L., Wu, W., Luo, X. (June 30, 2007). Internationalization and the performance of born-global SMEs: the mediating role of social networks. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 4, 673-690.

Organizational Culture and Its Counterculture free essay sample

The authors Joanne Martin and Careen Shell are focusing on organizational culture and its counterculture. The definition given by the authors for counterculture states that counterculture will most likely arise in a strongly centralized organization that has allowed a reasonable decentralization of authority to take place. The article assumes that cultural systems can emphasize as well as sustain the objectives of the firms top management. The main argument here is that in addition to serving integrative functions, culture can express disagreement and add Reese needs for segregation among organizational elements.As a replacement for thinking culture is a huge phenomenon, they explore countercultures uneasy symbiotic relationship with the rest Of an organization. Finally they tackle the connection between cultural development and managerial action by asking what a leader does, unintentionally or intentionally, that seems to impact the development of a counterculture. Given said that when a dominant culture and a counterculture takes place it creates an uneasy symbiosis between these two interdependent cultures. There were two books selected for this research, one was by Deed Cray and the other was by J. P Wright on General Motors.The three core values for dominant culture in GM were respecting authority, fitting in and fleeing loyal. J. P Wright talks about how Delayers division in GM has created an uneasy symbiosis relationship between the dominant culture and counterculture. Delayers activities have been studied to see how he has created a counterculture in an organization with such a strong dominant culture. There are several ways to counter the dominant culture and Tailored has done so by questioning deference to authority, finding an alternative way to fit in and opposing demands for unquestioning loyalty. There are three types of subcultures; the first is enhancing, orthogonal and counterculture. This articles main focus will be on counterculture. According to the authors some core values of a counterculture has a direct challenge to the core values of a dominant culture, therefore creating an uneasy symbiosis. This article has taken Ana main authors as their references to explore the adequacy of a dominant culture and a counterculture and to find out what values those artifacts put across.The two main authors are Deed Cray, Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times (McGraw-Hill, 1 980) and J. P Wrights description of Delayers activities, On A Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Wright Enterprises, 1979). This article was done on General Motors, one of the main characters that was discussed in this article was on John Tailored who was a head of one Of the divisions in GM. Tailored was a man who made his way up the corporate ladder which gave him a position of leadership, resources and power who in return questioned the dominant culture of GM. There were three main core values of GM that were discussed, the first is Respecting Authority: Jargon and Rituals of Deference. What append in GM is that the dominant culture gives so much importance to paying reverence to the top corporate management; special jargon was used to refer to these executives. For example, each top manager was assigned a junior executive who will be an assistant, and these assistants were called dog robbers which meant an assigned servant who is responsible to pick up the dogs dropping in a large household.Another type of dominant culture artifact was the ritual, GM had many rituals, this is just one of the rituals; subordinates were expected to meet their superiors from out of the town at he airport and carry their bags, pay for their hotels, meals and chauffeur them around day and night. The second core value found in GM was Fitting In: Communicating Invisibility by Visible Cues. The core value of invisibility was expressed through such visible cultura l artifact as dress and dcord.An example Gems dress code was a dark suit, a light shirt and a muted tie so that no single employee stands out. The rule implemented on office dcord also States the value Of invisibility. All the dcord Was standardized. In GM if an employee was invisible he was a team player. They engage in public, hemolytic acts of conformity to show they are team players. The third core value to the GM way of life was loyalty to ones boss. They were all expected to be loyal to their bosses and not question them or even point out their wrong doings.One of the examples given was, GM retirement dinner, in this retirement dinner they pay tribute to the retiree by telling his journey story in the past years in GM. These dinner instilled mutual respect, admiration and loyalty. It was important for GM to tell the stories of their retiring employees, simply because these stories were true and shows a sequence of events in the companys history. In one case, Tailored did not go to pick his boss up from the airport, which was a ritual followed by all GM employees, what happened was Delayers boss was furious and expected Tailored to not repeat it ever again.In the retirement dinner, they reward the retiree for the past tasks done by ensuring future loyalty, so in Delayers case he would be marked by the others and may be seen as someone who isnt a team player. The counterculture to these dominant cultures can be seen by Delayers actions. There are three areas to it; the first is questioning deference to authority. Tailored kept creating stories that were being questioned by other employees, because one story will not make most of the employees buzzing, therefore Tailored created many situations. For example, he wanted to replace deference to authority with task-oriented efficiency. He discouraged the meeting of superiors at airports. Tailored himself role modeled the behavior. This incident became an organizational Story. He became a controversial and powerful figure. This particular event was significant because it expressed a value that contradicted a core value of the dominant culture. The second counterculture, An Alternative to Fitting In: The Limits of Acceptable Deviance. Tailored did not agree on the core value of fitting in team play. He instead valued dissent and independence.He backed his values with practices, by changing his divisions performance appraisal system. Performance was measured on basis of criteria that were as objective as possible. Tailored was also able to role model himself by not following the dress code and he also changed the dcord in his division, allowing his executives to have their own touch in their spaces. This was his way of cellaring independence from the dominant culture. The only way a counter culture can sustain is by implementing the practices as well as being consistent with the preferred value. Opposing Demands for Unquestioning Loyalty is the third counterculture. Articulation of a boomerang challenged the dominant culture. The Corsair was a product of GM that was supposed to be the finest and most appealing product to attract the young. The Corsair story becomes a boomerang, it takes a sudden turn and employees started questioning the safety of the rear engine, but without enough support and evidence that the Corsair was not fee GM management told the employees who objected to join the team or find some other place to work. In the end the Corsair had caused many deaths because of its faulty design.This in return cost GM its reputation and millions of dollars in legal expense, and of court settlements. 3. This argument fits with my experience as an observation that I have seen happen over and over again, it is no other than an public area which most of us are bound to go to in some time in our lives in different occasions, the hospital. It is always said that right after graduating as a doctor, the worst ear for all of them is their houseman ship years. It is a dominant culture that all new doctors who are coming in for their houseman ship are pushed around and are made to work over time.In other words they are bullied by their superiors. It has been a culture that has been happening all around the world and many have come to accept it as a norm. In my opinion I dont think it should be the case, I believe that there can be an artifact of a counterculture here. Why it is that fresh new graduate doctors allow their superiors to push them around to a certain extreme. For example, Enron doctors, will intentionally post questions for houseman ship doctors in front of a patient and then mock them for the answers given to enforce their authority as senior doctors.This can be emotionally damaging depending on the degree of verbal abuse. Another case would be houseman ship doctors are treated as the lowest employees in the hospital during their houseman ship years; they are not only pushed around by senior doctors but by the nurses as well. They are made to do irrelevant work and lots of running around. Another case would be sometimes, senior doctors will make seaman doctors to do their shifts as well, resulting in the housemen to be wore out and exhausted. Some of these housemen will eventually break down, for they are not able to cope with the pressure and stress.Then again this happens over and over again in all parts of the world. In my opinion I think it would make a lot of difference if some doctors have the capability to stand up and make a change in this environment. I believe as time goes by, more and more stories and incidents will occur causing the dominant culture to be questioned and a breakthrough for a counterculture to take place in this particular environment. I am sure there are cases where certain doctors have made a stand for themselves, but with the repetition of the same behavior this dominant culture may be able to change.Where the houseman ship doctors are treated with equal respect and are able to apply what they have learnt over the past few years in their houseman ship years. Hospital. It is always said that right after graduating as a doctor, the Worst fear for all of them is their houseman ship years. It is a dominant culture that all new doctors who are coming in for their houseman ship are pushed around and are made to work over time. In other words they are bullied by their superiors. It has been a culture that has been happening all around the world and many have come to accept it as a norm. Live that there can be an artifact of a counterculture here. For example, senior doctors, will intentionally post questions for houseman ship doctors in front of a patient and then mock them for the answers given to enforce their authority as senior doctors. This can be emotionally damaging depending on the degree of verbal abuse. Another case would be houseman ship doctors are treated as the lowest employees in the hospital during their seaman ship years; they are not only pushed around by senior doctors but by the nurses as well. They are made to do irrelevant work and lots of running around. Senior doctors will make houseman doctors to do their shifts as well, resulting in the housemen to be wore out and exhausted. Some of these housemen will eventually break down, for they are not able to cope with the pressure and stress. Then again this happens over and over again in all parts of the world. It would make a lot of difference if some doctors have the capability to stand up and make a change in this environment. As time goes by, more Tories and incidents will occur causing the dominant culture to be questioned and a breakthrough for a counterculture to take place in this particular environment.I am sure there are cases where certain doctors have made a stand for themselves, but with the repetition Of the same behavior this dominant culture may be able to change. Where the houseman ship doctors are treated with equal respect and are able to apply what they have learnt over the past few years in their houseman ship years.

Calvins Unique Theocracy Essays - Calvinism, Forms Of Government

Calvin's Unique Theocracy When we think of a theocracy, we usually think of a political system, governed and legislated by a religious body with religious beliefs. For the most part this is true. Historically, theocratic governments have successfully existed throughout the world, from ancient Egypt to modern Middle-Eastern Islamic states. For centuries even the Christian Church enjoyed a theocratic diversity which encompassed most of the civilized world. As well, the unprecedented spread of Islam has seeded new theocracies at a tremendous rate. Most theocratic governments had one thing in common, however; their political ideologies did not just originate from the church, they were the church. Church leaders were the political leaders. Typically, a strong theocracy was one with a superior church hierarchy in which the political system was deeply entrenched. But not all theocratic structures were intended to be this way. In Chapter XX of his masterpiece The Institutes on Christian Piety, John Calvin logically o utlined his view of a theocracy. Consistent with his scripture-based reasoning, Calvin eloquently described how civil and ecclesiastical governments were different, yet uniquely related. In his classic reformation style, Calvin metaphorically compared Catholic to Protestant theology by framing his theocracy not on the church as the government, but rather he separated civil government from spiritual government into a divinely ordained, segregated Protestant theocracy. Subtlety expressed and masterfully executed, Chapter XX is dripping with figurative language, suggesting that Calvin went to great lengths to insure that his distaste for the Catholic papacy would not go unnoticed. The first third of Chapter XX concentrates on the duties and responsibilities of the magistrate. This after two opening sections which clearly divide government into two parts, and then claim these parts not to be antithetical. Indeed such a preamble is necessary since the remainder of the document is to be a separation, yet cross-self-reliance on these parts. Calvin made no attempt to separate local, regional, or national magistracy. In fact, most of the scripture references are Old Testament passages which refer to either the kings of Judah, or other post-king patriarchs. The main focus on the magistrate "is that they have a mandate from God, have been invested with divine authority, and are wholly God's representatives." In addition, God has "entrusted to them" the authority "of exercising judgement not for man but for God." This sounds very theocratic. However, no where did Calvin mention the source of this divine position to be the church. Rather he asserted, quoting Psalms 2:12 , that the magistrate should "kiss the Son of God" yet not lay aside their authority. With this he follows, "By these words he entrusts the condition of the church to their protection and care." Calvin clearly separates the church from directly engaging in the politics related to the office of the magistrate. By assigning to the church the responsibility of caring for the magistrate, Calvin allows the church to be associated with government while not actually becoming part of the government, as his Catholic adversaries did. Beyond divine appointment, however, Calvin also outlines the duties of the magistrate in a way which uniquely joins the government to God. Calvin continued his blend of civil and spiritual government through a discourse on the duties of the magistrate, issues of war, and the levying of taxes. On the duties of the magistrate, for example, he returns to the question of divine appointment. "And that their sole endeavor" Calvin asserts "should be to provide for the common safety and peace of all." Continuing, he states that, "in administering punishment, [the magistrate] does nothing by himself, but carries out the very judgements of God ." In this, Calvin begins to solidify his argument concerning the divine nature of the magistracy. It is no coincidence, however, that he includes no reference which joins the magistrate to the corporate church. Supported by additional references to Old Testament kings, Calvin implies that it is inappropriate for the magistrate to be a church leader, in that King David, for example, had priests dedicated to occupying those positions. On the topic of war, Calvin makes his position crystal clear. "But kings and people" Calvin states, "must sometimes take up arms to execute such public vengeance." Calvin views war as a "lawful" undertaking, as

The use of race in Their eyes were watching god essays

The use of race in Their eyes were watching god essays The Use of Race in Their Eyes Were Watching God This novel, while poetically conveying a black woman's pursuit of true love, seriously addresses society's ability to be judgmental and oppressive. Gender, race, economic security, and social stratification share equally important roles in the development of the main character, Janie. Hurston vividly describes how each qualification specifically affects the character, although the racial implications are much more subtle. This subtlety allows the reader to mistakenly perceive indifferent or positive feelings towards the novels black community. Hurston initially establishes the ideal unimportance of race by using Janie's innocent childhood memory. Janie painfully recalls Mr. Washburn, who is the father of the family with whom they live, abusively laughing at her belief of being the same as his white children. She also remembers being teased by the other black children for her clothing, which is better than others because hers is the Washburn childrens old clothing. This recollection is multiply used by Hurston. It capitalizes childrens acceptance of people for their actions, which is surpassingly more believable than portraying adults with the same feelings. It displays the dependence of black people on white people for success. Finally, it instates the Washburn family as the representation of white culture; accordingly initiating a negative undertone towards Janies ethnicity. However, these prejudices and their undermining effect depicted within the novel are soundly contrasted by Janies peaceful disposition at the e nd of her narration. Hurston masterfully uses the emotional responses of the black characters, specifically pertaining to successful and potentially successful endeavors of Joe, as metaphors of societys prejudice. The initial astonishment of the black characters to Joes monetary holdings and accomplishments deftly...

Child Soldiers in West Africa on Security in Europe Article - 1

Child Soldiers in West Africa on Security in Europe - Article Example In West Africa, human security has become a serious issue. The security maintenance has been spoiled in past few years, the reason might be any external or internal. (Diallo and Possà ©mà ©-Rageau, pg. 8) An estimated value of the world child labor report shows that 246 million children between the ages of 5-17 are under child labor category. The highest number of working children is found in Asia, then Africa and then in US, Middle East, and other countries. Although the greatest number of working children exists in Asia, Africa has greatest child labor ratio according to its population. (Finken, pg. 4) The aim of this paper is not to focus on the child labor issue but specifically child labor in form of soldiers’ issue. Throughout the world, about 87 countries have such a setup in which children are used as soldiers. A number of children are under training and many have been passed all the training and actively participating in wars, combats and certain other actions. According to the child soldier report 1379 report; child soldiers are defined as: â€Å"†¦any person under 18 years of age who is a member of or attached to the armed forces or an armed group, whether or not there is an armed conflict. Child soldiers may perform tasks ranging from direct participation in combat; military activities such as scouting, spying, sabotage, acting as decoys, couriers or guards; training, drill and other preparations; support functions such as pottering and domestic tasks; sexual slavery and Forced labor.† â€Å"Not surprisingly, the laws of war, the rules that govern how conflict is waged, and even human rights law, do not go far enough, and children, women and the family must bear the cost, precisely because they are together essential pillars in society. War today just simply does not match the traditional conception of two opposing armies; or even of an internal conflict pitting an armed opposition force against the established government, in which each side generally abides by the â€Å"rules of the game†, respecting the basic inviolability of civilian non-combatants and the special protection due to the young.’